Ownership of documents

If you do not already have an agreement with your client about who owns documents, this guidance can help.

Your role

Whether your firm owns a document depends on your role when the document was created, either acting as:

  • a professional adviser, or
  • the client’s agent

Acting as a professional adviser

If you were acting as a professional adviser, ownership of the documents depends on the purpose of this relationship. If one of the purposes of the relationship was to create a document, the document will usually belong to the client.

Acting as a client’s agent

You act as the client’s agent if you send or receive correspondence for them. This correspondence belongs to the client in most cases.

Types of document

Usually the client owns documents:

  • they sent to your firm, except where ownership was intended to pass to your firm
  • sent or received by your firm acting as the agent of the client
  • produced when you were acting as a professional adviser to the client, and one of the purposes of that relationship was to create the document. Examples are agreements or written representations
  • prepared by someone else, including the client's other advisers, during their relationship with you, and paid for by the client. For example, opinions of counsel and experts' reports

Usually your firm owns:

  • documents prepared for your firm's own benefit or protection
  • documents prepared to help your firm do its job, for example file copies of letters written to the client, drafts and working papers
  • internal communications created during the retainer
  • communications written by the client to your firm
  • accounting records, including vouchers and instructions

Documents include hard copy and electronic documents.

You may provide a copy of a document that you own to a client if they make a reasonable request. For example, they may have mislaid a key document and be willing to pay a reasonable charge for a copy.

When more than one client owns a document

Think carefully about situations where more than one client has an interest in a document.

Consider:

Exceptions

You may own a document that would normally be owned by a client if you can exercise a lien because of unpaid fees.

You may also have to share a document if you are asked to give access to someone’s personal data contained in a client's file as part of a subject access request made under Articles 12 and 15 of the GDPR. You can extract this information and there is no need to provide the full document. The request must also meet certain conditions.

Read our guidance on the GDPR

Read the Information Commissioner’s Office’s guidance on Subject Access Requests  

Resources

Who owns the file? – a practice note that gives guidance on which parts of the file you own and which parts the client owns

Case law

Leicestershire CC v Michael Faraday & Partners [1941] 2 KB 205

Chantrey Martin v Martin [1953] 2 QB 286 and Gomba Holdings v Minories Finance [1989] BCLC 115

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